Jamaica gained full independence within the British Commonwealth in 1962. Deteriorating economic conditions during the 1970s led to recurrent violence and a drop off in tourism. Elections in 1980 saw the democratic socialists voted out of office. Political violence marred elections during the 1990s.

Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba

18 15 N, 77 30 W

Central America and the Caribbean

total: 10,991 sq km
land: 10,831 sq km
water: 160 sq km

slightly smaller than Connecticut

0 km

1,022 km

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin

tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior

mostly mountains, with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain

lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m

bauxite, gypsum, limestone

arable land: 15.83%
permanent crops: 10.01%
other: 74.16% (2005)

250 sq km (2002)

hurricanes (especially July to November)

heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air pollution in Kingston results from vehicle emissions

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea lanes for the Panama Canal

2,758,124 (July 2006 est.)

0-14 years: 33.1% (male 464,297/female 449,181)
15-64 years: 59.6% (male 808,718/female 835,394)
65 years and over: 7.3% (male 90,100/female 110,434) (2006 est.)

total: 23 years
male: 22.4 years
female: 23.5 years (2006 est.)

0.8% (2006 est.)

20.82 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

6.52 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

-6.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

total: 15.98 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 16.66 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

total population: 73.24 years
male: 71.54 years
female: 75.03 years (2006 est.)

2.41 children born/woman (2006 est.)

1.2% (2003 est.)

22,000 (2003 est.)

900 (2003 est.)

noun: Jamaican(s)
adjective: Jamaican

black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%, mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%

Protestant 61.3% (Church of God 21.2%, Seventh-Day Adventist 9%, Baptist 8.8%, Pentecostal 7.6%, Anglican 5.5%, Methodist 2.7%, United Church 2.7%, Jehovah's Witness 1.6%, Brethren 1.1%, Moravian 1.1%), Roman Catholic 4%, other including some spiritual cults 34.7%

English, patois English

definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 87.9%
male: 84.1%
female: 91.6% (2003 est.)

conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Jamaica

constitutional parliamentary democracy

Kingston

14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland
note: for local government purposes, Kingston and Saint Andrew were amalgamated in 1923 into the present single corporate body known as the Kingston and Saint Andrew Corporation

6 August 1962 (from UK)

Independence Day, 6 August (1962)

6 August 1962

based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

18 years of age; universal

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Kenneth O. HALL (since 15 February 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Portia SIMPSON-MILLER (since 30 March 2006)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House of Representatives is appointed prime minister by the governor general; the deputy prime minister is recommended by the prime minister

bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (a 21-member body appointed by the governor general on the recommendations of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; ruling party is allocated 13 seats, and the opposition is allocated eight seats) and the House of Representatives (60 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 16 October 2002 (next to be held no later than October 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - PNP 52%, JLP 47.3%; seats by party - PNP 34, JLP 26

Supreme Court (judges appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister); Court of Appeal

Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Bruce GOLDING]; National Democratic Movement or NDM [Hyacinth BENNETT]; People's National Party or PNP [Percival James PATTERSON]

New Beginnings Movement or NBM; Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)

ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

chief of mission: Ambassador Gordon SHIRLEY
chancery: 1520 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 452-0660
FAX: [1] (202) 452-0081
consulate(s) general: Miami, New York

chief of mission: Ambassador Brenda LaGrange JOHNSON
embassy: Jamaica Mutual Life Center, 2 Oxford Road, 3rd floor, Kingston 5
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [1] (876) 929-4850 through 4859
FAX: [1] (876) 935-6001

diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and outer side)

The Jamaican economy is heavily dependent on services, which now account for 60% of GDP. The country continues to derive most of its foreign exchange from remittances, tourism, and bauxite/alumina. The global economic slowdown, particularly after the terrorist attacks in the US on 11 September 2001, stunted economic growth; the economy rebounded moderately in 2003-04, with brisk tourist seasons. But the economy faces serious long-term problems: high interest rates, increased foreign competition, exchange rate instability, a sizable merchandise trade deficit, large-scale unemployment and underemployment, and a growing stock of internal debt - the result of government bailouts to ailing sectors of the economy, most notably the financial sector in the mid-1990s. The ratio of debt to GDP is 135%. Inflation, previously a bright spot, is expected to remain in the double digits. Uncertain economic conditions have led to increased civil unrest, including gang violence fueled by the drug trade. In 2004, the government faced the difficult prospect of having to achieve fiscal discipline in order to maintain debt payments while simultaneously attacking a serious and growing crime problem that is hampering economic growth. Attempts at deficit control were derailed by Hurricane Ivan in September 2004, which required substantial government spending to repair the damage. Despite the hurricane, tourism looks set to enjoy solid growth for the foreseeable future.

$11.56 billion (2005 est.)

$9.127 billion (2005 est.)

1.5% (2005 est.)

$4,200 (2005 est.)

agriculture: 4.9%
industry: 33.8%
services: 61.3% (2005 est.)

1.2 million (2005 est.)

agriculture: 19.3%
industry: 16.6%
services: 64.1% (2004)

11.5% (2005 est.)

19.1% (2003 est.)

lowest 10%: 2.7%
highest 10%: 30.3% (2000)

37.9 (2003)

12.9% (2005 est.)

32.4% of GDP (2005 est.)

revenues: $2.8 billion
expenditures: $3.21 billion; including capital expenditures of $180.4 million (2005 est.)

135% of GDP (2005 est.)

sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, yams, ackees, vegetables; poultry, goats, milk; crustaceans, mollusks

tourism, bauxite/alumina, agro processing, light manufactures, rum, cement, metal, paper, chemical products, telecommunications

-2% (2000 est.)

3.717 billion kWh (2004)

fossil fuel: 96.8%
hydro: 1.8%
nuclear: 0%
other: 1.4% (2001)

2.974 billion kWh (2004)

0 kWh (2004)

0 kWh (2004)

0 bbl/day (2003 est.)

69,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

NA bbl/day

NA bbl/day

0 cu m (2003 est.)

0 cu m (2003 est.)

-$509 million (2005 est.)

$1.608 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, rum, coffee, yams, beverages, chemicals, wearing apparel, mineral fuels

US 17.4%, Canada 14.8%, France 13%, China 10.5%, UK 8.7%, Netherlands 7.5%, Norway 6%, Germany 5.9% (2004)

$4.093 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

food and other consumer goods, industrial supplies, fuel, parts and accessories of capital goods, machinery and transport equipment, construction materials

US 38.7%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.2%, France 5.6%, Japan 4.7% (2004)

$1.9 billion (2005 est.)

$6.792 billion (2005 est.)

$18.5 million; note - US aid only (2004)

Jamaican dollar (JMD)

JMD

Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 62.51 (2005), 61.197 (2004), 57.741 (2003), 48.416 (2002), 45.996 (2001)

1 April - 31 March

390,700 (2004)

2.2 million (2004)

general assessment: fully automatic domestic telephone network
domestic: NA
international: country code - 1-876; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); 3 coaxial submarine cables

AM 10, FM 13, shortwave 0 (1998)

1.215 million (1997)

7 (1997)

460,000 (1997)

.jm

1,271 (2005)

21 (2000)

1.067 million (2005)

35 (2005)

total: 11
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 5 (2005)

total: 24
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 22 (2005)

total: 272 km
standard gauge: 272 km 1.435-m gauge
note: 207 of these km belonging to the Jamaica Railway Corporation had been in common carrier service until 1992 but are no longer operational; 57 km of the remaining track is privately owned and used by ALCAN to transport bauxite (2003)

total: 18,700 km
paved: 13,009 km
unpaved: 5,610 km (1999)

total: 10 ships (1000 GRT or over) 117,805 GRT/166,922 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 4, cargo 1, chemical tanker 1, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 3
foreign-owned: 10 (Germany 2, Greece 5, UAE 3) (2005)

Kingston, Port Esquivel, Port Kaiser, Port Rhoades, Rocky Point

Jamaica Defense Force: Ground Forces, Coast Guard, Air Wing

18 years of age for voluntary military service; younger recruits may be conscripted with parental consent (2001)

males age 18-49: 592,018
females age 18-49: 616,500 (2005 est.)

males age 18-49: 478,761
females age 18-49: 504,541 (2005 est.)

males age 18-49: 27,923
females age 18-49: 27,889 (2005 est.)

$31.17 million (2003 est.)

0.4% (2003 est.)

none

transshipment point for cocaine from South America to North America and Europe; illicit cultivation of cannabis; government has an active manual cannabis eradication program; corruption is a major concern; substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor Jamaica for illicit financial transactions