A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867 while retaining ties to the British crown. Economically and technologically the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across an unfortified border. Canada's paramount political problem is meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care and education services after a decade of budget cuts. Canada also faces questions about integrity in government following revelations regarding a corruption scandal in the federal government that has helped revive the fortunes of separatists in predominantly francophone Quebec.

Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US

60 00 N, 95 00 W

North America

total: 9,984,670 sq km
land: 9,093,507 sq km
water: 891,163 sq km

somewhat larger than the US

total: 8,893 km
border countries: US 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)

202,080 km

territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast

lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m

iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower

arable land: 4.57%
permanent crops: 0.65%
other: 94.78% (2005)

7,850 sq km (2003)

continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains

air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest productivity; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation

second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km of the US border

33,098,932 (July 2006 est.)

0-14 years: 17.6% (male 2,992,811/female 2,848,388)
15-64 years: 69% (male 11,482,452/female 11,368,286)
65 years and over: 13.3% (male 1,883,008/female 2,523,987) (2006 est.)

total: 38.9 years
male: 37.8 years
female: 39.9 years (2006 est.)

0.88% (2006 est.)

10.78 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

7.8 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

5.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

total: 4.69 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.15 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

total population: 80.22 years
male: 76.86 years
female: 83.74 years (2006 est.)

1.61 children born/woman (2006 est.)

0.3% (2003 est.)

56,000 (2003 est.)

1,500 (2003 est.)

noun: Canadian(s)
adjective: Canadian

British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European 15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed background 26%

Roman Catholic 42.6%, Protestant 23.3% (including United Church 9.5%, Anglican 6.8%, Baptist 2.4%, Lutheran 2%), other Christian 4.4%, Muslim 1.9%, other and unspecified 11.8%, none 16% (2001 census)

English (official) 59.3%, French (official) 23.2%, other 17.5%

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99% (2003 est.)

conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Canada

a constitutional monarchy that is also a parliamentary democracy and a federation

Ottawa

10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*

1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (independence recognized)

Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

made up of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982, which transferred formal control over the constitution from Britain to Canada, and added a Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as well as procedures for constitutional amendments

based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

18 years of age; universal

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Michaelle JEAN (since 27 September 2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Stephen HARPER (since 6 February 2006)
cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among the members of his own party sitting in Parliament
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a five-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House of Commons is automatically designated prime minister by the governor general

bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (members appointed by the governor general with the advice of the prime minister and serve until reaching 75 years of age; its normal limit is 105 senators) and the House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (308 seats; members elected by direct, popular vote to serve for up to five-year terms)
elections: House of Commons - last held 23 January 2006 (next to be held in 2011)
election results: House of Commons - percent of vote by party - Conservative Party 36.3%, Liberal Party 30.2%, New Democratic Party 17.5%, Bloc Quebecois 10.5%, Greens 4.5%, other 1%; seats by party - Conservative Party 124, Liberal Party 103, New Democratic Party 29, Bloc Quebecois 51, other 1

Supreme Court of Canada (judges are appointed by the prime minister through the governor general); Federal Court of Canada; Federal Court of Appeal; Provincial Courts (these are named variously Court of Appeal, Court of Queens Bench, Superior Court, Supreme Court, and Court of Justice)

Bloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Conservative Party of Canada (a merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party) [Stephen HARPER]; Green Party [Jim HARRIS]; Liberal Party [Paul MARTIN]; New Democratic Party [Jack LAYTON]

NA

ACCT, AfDB, APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ESA (cooperating state), FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAFTA, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMOVIC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

chief of mission: Ambassador Michael WILSON
chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001
telephone: [1] (202) 682-1740
FAX: [1] (202) 682-7701
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco, Seattle
consulate(s): Anchorage, Houston, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Raleigh, San Diego

chief of mission: Ambassador David H. WILKINS
embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8
mailing address: P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburgh, NY 13669-0430
telephone: [1] (613) 238-5335, 4470
FAX: [1] (613) 688-3082
consulate(s) general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg

two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width), with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the official colors of Canada are red and white

As an affluent, high-tech industrial society in the trillion dollar class, Canada resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and affluent living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. The 1989 US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which includes Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the US. Given its great natural resources, skilled labor force, and modern capital plant, Canada enjoys solid economic prospects. Top-notch fiscal management has produced consecutive balanced budgets since 1997, although public debate continues over how to manage the rising cost of the publicly funded healthcare system. Exports account for roughly a third of GDP. Canada enjoys a substantial trade surplus with its principal trading partner, the US, which absorbs more than 85% of Canadian exports. Canada is the US' largest foreign supplier of energy, including oil, gas, uranium, and electric power.

$1.08 trillion (2005 est.)

$1.023 trillion (2005 est.)

2.9% (2005 est.)

$32,900 (2005 est.)

agriculture: 2.2%
industry: 29.1%
services: 68.7% (2005 est.)

16.3 million (December 2005)

agriculture 2%, manufacturing 14%, construction 5%, services 75%, other 3% (2004)

6.8% (2005 est.)

15.9%; note - this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off (LICO), a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty line (2003)

lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 23.8% (1994)

33.1 (1998)

2.2% (2005)

20.2% of GDP (2005 est.)

revenues: $159.6 billion
expenditures: $152.6 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2004)

38.7% of GDP (2004-2005)

wheat, barley, oilseed, tobacco, fruits, vegetables; dairy products; forest products; fish

transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum and natural gas

2.9% (2005 est.)

566.3 billion kWh (2003)

fossil fuel: 28%
hydro: 57.9%
nuclear: 12.9%
other: 1.3% (2001)

520.9 billion kWh (2003)

22 billion kWh (2004)

33 billion kWh (2004)

2.4 million bbl/day (2004)

2.3 million bbl/day (2004)

1.6 million bbl/day (2004)

963,000 bbl/day (2004)

178.9 billion bbl
note: includes oil sands (2004 est.)

165.8 billion cu m (2003 est.)

90.95 billion cu m (2003 est.)

91.52 billion cu m (2003 est.)

8.73 billion cu m (2003 est.)

1.673 trillion cu m (2004)

$16.89 billion (2005 est.)

$364.8 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)

motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum

US 85.1%, Japan 2.1%, UK 1.6% (2004)

$317.7 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)

machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods

US 58.9%, China 6.8%, Mexico 3.8% (2004)

$33 billion (31 December 2005)

$439.8 billion (30 November 2005)

ODA, $2.6 billion (2004)

Canadian dollar (CAD)

CAD

Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.2118 (2005), 1.301 (2004), 1.4011 (2003), 1.5693 (2002), 1.5488 (2001)

1 April - 31 March

20.61 million (2004)

14,984,400 (2004)

general assessment: excellent service provided by modern technology
domestic: domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stations
international: country code - 1-xxx; 5 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and 2 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)

AM 245, FM 582, shortwave 6 (2004)

32.3 million (1997)

80 (plus many repeaters) (1997)

21.5 million (1997)

.ca

3,525,392 (2005)

760 (2000 est.)

20.9 million (2005)

1,331 (2005)

total: 508
over 3,047 m: 18
2,438 to 3,047 m: 15
1,524 to 2,437 m: 151
914 to 1,523 m: 247
under 914 m: 77 (2005)

total: 823
1,524 to 2,437 m: 66
914 to 1,523 m: 351
under 914 m: 406 (2005)

319 (2005)

crude and refined oil 23,564 km; liquid petroleum gas 74,980 km (2003)

total: 48,683 km
standard gauge: 48,683 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

total: 1,408,900 km
paved: 497,342 km (including 16,906 km of expressways)
unpaved: 911,558 km (2002)

631 km
note: Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States (2003)

total: 175 ships (1000 GRT or over) 2,184,681 GRT/2,809,249 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 58, cargo 13, chemical tanker 9, combination ore/oil 1, container 2, passenger 6, passenger/cargo 65, petroleum tanker 14, roll on/roll off 7
foreign-owned: 9 (France 1, Germany 3, Netherlands 1, Norway 1, UK 1, US 2)
registered in other countries: 126 (Australia 1, The Bahamas 14, Barbados 8, Bermuda 21, Cambodia 6, Comoros 1, Cyprus 1, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 23, Liberia 4, Malta 10, Marshall Islands 6, Panama 3, Philippines 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2, UK 12, US 6, Vanuatu 5, unknown 1) (2005)

Fraser River Port, Goderich, Halifax, Montreal, Port Cartier, Quebec, Saint John's (Newfoundland), Sept Isles, Vancouver

Canadian Forces: Land Forces Command, Maritime Command, Air Command, Canada Command (homeland security) (2006)

16 years of age for voluntary military service; women comprise approximately 11% of Canada's armed forces (2001)

males age 16-49: 8,216,510
females age 16-49: 8,034,939 (2005 est.)

males age 16-49: 6,740,490
females age 16-49: 6,580,868 (2005 est.)

males age 18-49: 223,821
females age 16-49: 212,900 (2005 est.)

$9,801.7 million (2003)

1.1% (2003)

managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; working toward greater cooperation with US in monitoring people and commodities crossing the border; uncontested sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland

illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market and export to US; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; transit point for ecstasy entering the US market; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering because of its mature financial services sector