Bangladesh came into existence in 1971 when Bengali East Pakistan seceded from its union with West Pakistan. About a third of this extremely poor country floods annually during the monsoon rainy season, hampering economic development.

Southern Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and India

24 00 N, 90 00 E

Asia

total: 144,000 sq km
land: 133,910 sq km
water: 10,090 sq km

slightly smaller than Iowa

total: 4,246 km
border countries: Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km

580 km

territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 18 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: up to the outer limits of the continental margin

tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)

mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Keokradong 1,230 m

natural gas, arable land, timber, coal

arable land: 55.39%
permanent crops: 3.08%
other: 41.53% (2005)

47,250 sq km (2003)

droughts, cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season

many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land; water-borne diseases prevalent in surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; severe overpopulation

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

most of the country is situated on deltas of large rivers flowing from the Himalayas: the Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal

147,365,352 (July 2006 est.)

0-14 years: 32.9% (male 24,957,997/female 23,533,894)
15-64 years: 63.6% (male 47,862,774/female 45,917,674)
65 years and over: 3.5% (male 2,731,578/female 2,361,435) (2006 est.)

total: 22.2 years
male: 22.2 years
female: 22.2 years (2006 est.)

2.09% (2006 est.)

29.8 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

8.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

-0.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.16 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

total: 60.83 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 61.87 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 59.74 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

total population: 62.46 years
male: 62.47 years
female: 62.45 years (2006 est.)

3.11 children born/woman (2006 est.)

less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

13,000 (2001 est.)

650 (2001 est.)

degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations
water contact disease: leptospirosis
animal contact disease: rabies (2005)

noun: Bangladeshi(s)
adjective: Bangladeshi

Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)

Muslim 83%, Hindu 16%, other 1% (1998)

Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 43.1%
male: 53.9%
female: 31.8% (2003 est.)

conventional long form: People's Republic of Bangladesh
conventional short form: Bangladesh
former: East Pakistan

parliamentary democracy

Dhaka

6 divisions; Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet

16 December 1971 (from West Pakistan); note - 26 March 1971 is the date of independence from West Pakistan, 16 December 1971 is known as Victory Day and commemorates the official creation of the state of Bangladesh

Independence Day, 26 March (1971); note - 26 March 1971 is the date of independence from West Pakistan, 16 December 1971 is Victory Day and commemorates the official creation of the state of Bangladesh

4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972; suspended following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986; amended many times

based on English common law

18 years of age; universal

chief of state: President Iajuddin AHMED (since 6 September 2002); note - the president's duties are normally ceremonial, but with the 13th amendment to the constitution ("Caretaker Government Amendment"), the president's role becomes significant at times when Parliament is dissolved and a caretaker government is installed - at presidential direction - to supervise the elections
head of government: Prime Minister Khaleda ZIA (since 10 October 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by the president
elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year term; election scheduled for 16 September 2002 was not held since Iajuddin AHMED was the only presidential candidate; he was sworn in on 6 September 2002 (next election to be held by 2007); following legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins the most seats is usually appointed prime minister by the president
election results: Iajuddin AHMED declared by the Election Commission elected unopposed as president; percent of National Parliament vote - NA

unicameral National Parliament or Jatiya Sangsad; 300 seats elected by popular vote from single territorial constituencies (the constitutional amendment reserving 30 seats for women over and above the 300 regular parliament seats expired in May 2001); members serve five-year terms
elections: last held 1 October 2001 (next to be held no later than January 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - BNP and alliance partners 41%, AL 40%; seats by party - BNP 193, AL 58, JI 17, JP (Ershad faction) 14, IOJ 2, JP (Manzur) 4, other 12; note - the election of October 2001 brought a majority BNP government aligned with three other smaller parties - JI, IOJ, and Jatiya Party (Manzur)

Supreme Court (the chief justices and other judges are appointed by the president)

Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Bangladesh Communist Party or BCP [Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK]; Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP [Khaleda ZIA]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [Mufti Fazlul Haq AMINI]; Jamaat-e-Islami or JI [Motiur Rahman NIZAMI]; Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD]; Jatiya Party (Manzur faction) [Naziur Rahman MANZUR]

NA

AsDB, BIMSTEC, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

chief of mission: Ambassador Shamsher Mobin CHOWDHURY
chancery: 3510 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 244-0183
FAX: [1] (202) 244-5366
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York

chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Pat BUTENIS
embassy: Madani Avenue, Baridhara, Dhaka 1212
mailing address: G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1000
telephone: [880] (2) 885-5500
FAX: [880] (2) 882-3744

green with a large red disk slightly to the hoist side of center; the red sun of freedom represents the blood shed to achieve independence; the green field symbolizes the lush countryside, and secondarily, the traditional color of Islam

Despite sustained domestic and international efforts to improve economic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a poor, overpopulated, and inefficiently-governed nation. Although half of GDP is generated through the service sector, nearly two-thirds of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as the single-most-important product. Major impediments to growth include frequent cyclones and floods, inefficient state-owned enterprises, inadequate port facilities, a rapidly growing labor force that cannot be absorbed by agriculture, delays in exploiting energy resources (natural gas), insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation of economic reforms. Reform is stalled in many instances by political infighting and corruption at all levels of government. Progress also has been blocked by opposition from the bureaucracy, public sector unions, and other vested interest groups. The BNP government, led by Prime Minister Khaleda ZIA, has the parliamentary strength to push through needed reforms, but the party's political will to do so has been lacking in key areas. One encouraging note: growth has been a steady 5% for the past several years.

$301.4 billion (2005 est.)

$63.39 billion (2005 est.)

5.4% (2005 est.)

$2,100 (2005 est.)

agriculture: 20.5%
industry: 26.7%
services: 52.8% (2004 est.)

66.6 million
note: extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia; workers' remittances estimated at $1.71 billion in 1998-99 (2005 est.)

agriculture: 63%
industry: 11%
services: 26% (FY95/96)

2.5% (includes underemployment) (2005 est.)

45% (2004 est.)

lowest 10%: 3.9%
highest 10%: 28.6% (1995-96 est.)

31.8 (2000)

6.7% (2005 est.)

24.6% of GDP (2005 est.)

revenues: $5.993 billion
expenditures: $8.598 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2005 est.)

46.1% of GDP (2005 est.)

rice, jute, tea, wheat, sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco, pulses, oilseeds, spices, fruit; beef, milk, poultry

cotton textiles, jute, garments, tea processing, paper newsprint, cement, chemical fertilizer, light engineering, sugar

6.7% (2005 est.)

17.42 billion kWh (2003)

fossil fuel: 93.7%
hydro: 6.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

16.2 billion kWh (2003)

0 kWh (2003)

0 kWh (2003)

6,825 bbl/day (2003)

84,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

NA bbl/day

NA bbl/day

28.45 million bbl (1 January 2002)

11.9 billion cu m (2003 est.)

11.9 billion cu m (2003 est.)

0 cu m (2001 est.)

0 cu m (2001 est.)

300.2 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

-$591 million (2005 est.)

$9.372 billion (2005 est.)

garments, jute and jute goods, leather, frozen fish and seafood (2001)

US 22.4%, Germany 14.5%, UK 11.2%, France 6.9%, Italy 4% (2004)

$12.97 billion (2005 est.)

machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel, textiles, foodstuffs, petroleum products, cement (2000)

India 15.1%, China 12.5%, Singapore 7.5%, Kuwait 5.5%, Japan 5.3%, Hong Kong 4.5% (2004)

$3.45 billion (2005 est.)

$21.25 billion (2005 est.)

$1.575 billion (2000 est.)

taka (BDT)

BDT

taka per US dollar - 64.328 (2005), 59.513 (2004), 58.15 (2003), 57.888 (2002), 55.807 (2001)

1 July - 30 June

831,000 (2004)

2,781,600 (2004)

general assessment: totally inadequate for a modern country
domestic: modernizing; introducing digital systems; trunk systems include VHF and UHF microwave radio relay links, and some fiber-optic cable in cities
international: country code - 880; satellite earth stations - 6; international radiotelephone communications and landline service to neighboring countries (2005)

AM 15, FM 13, shortwave 2 (2006)

6.15 million (1997)

15 (1999)

770,000 (1997)

.bd

266 (2005)

10 (2000)

300,000 (2005)

16 (2005)

total: 15
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 5 (2005)

total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2005)

gas 2,012 km (2004)

total: 2,706 km
broad gauge: 884 km 1.676-m gauge
narrow gauge: 1,822 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

total: 239,226 km
paved: 22,726 km
unpaved: 216,500 km (2003)

8,372 km
note: includes 5,635 km main cargo routes; network reduced to 5,200 km in dry season (2005)

total: 44 ships (1000 GRT or over) 360,053 GRT/511,789 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 3, cargo 30, container 6, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 4
foreign-owned: 11 (China 1, Saudi Arabia 1, Singapore 9)
registered in other countries: 11 (Antigua and Barbuda 4, Comoros 1, Malta 3, Panama 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Singapore 1) (2005)

Chittagong, Mongla Port

Army, Navy, Air Force

18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2005)

males age 18-49: 35,170,019 (2005 est.)

males age 18-49: 26,841,255 (2005 est.)

$1.01 billion (2005 est.)

1.8% (2005 est.)

discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in both countries, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh resists India's attempts to fence or wall off high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; a joint Bangladesh-India boundary inspection in 2005 revealed 92 pillars are missing; dispute with India over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; Burmese Muslim refugees strain Bangladesh's meager resources

refugees (country of origin): 20,402 (Burma)
IDPs: 61,000 (land conflicts, religious persecution) (2005)

transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring countries